Reflection On Time Management - 881 Words

This piece of reflection will focus on my progress and experiences during my placement in Campbelltown Hospital Medical E ward. I will be using the Gibbs 1988 model of reflection (Gibbs, 1988). This cycle helped me to reflect in a structured and effective way. The subject of this paper will reflect on my time management skills whilst maintaining the necessary standards of practice at all times (NMBA, 2016). During my first and second week of placement, I had some difficulty with my time management. The reason behind this, I found myself taking on too many tasks with little time during the busy peak hours. I was overwhelmed with the amount of things I need to accomplish. These included: Attending to patients’ personal care, administering†¦show more content†¦During my time in the respiratory ward, I found that repetition and experience made me feel more confident about my tasks, enabling me to be more effective and efficient in the workplace. According to Chater and Litchfields study done on new graduate nurses who work in a neonatal unit at an Australian hospital, five themes: knowing, planning, support, fulfilment, adapting and being flexible can be utilized to help student nurses and new graduate nurses to better manage their clinical time (Chater Litchfield, 2007). Prioritizing is also necessary tool for effective time management. Nurses have to prioritize tasks on their route and finish tasks from high to low priority order (Waterworth, 2003). In addition, nurses should be careful of some priority setting traps. The first trap is whatever hits first which means a nurse responds to tasks that happen first instead of thinking twice and then responding. The second trap is the squeaky wheel, a patient who is able to gather the most attention from a nurse to hear his or her urgent request may not be the Page 2 one who is the most in need. The last trap is waiting for inspiration, nurses should not be wait to be inspirited to complete a task and they should actively think about what tasks have to be done while on unit (Vaccaro, 2001). In conclusion, I am now aware of theShow MoreRelatedReflection On Time Management1300 Words   |  6 PagesResEd Final Reflection In RE102 I learned a lot of valuable life skills in a wide variety of areas. We covered the important topics of communication, decision making, conflict resolution, time management, stress management, resumes, online self, healthy relationships, and sexual assault/consent. From general tips to the more serious issues such as sexual assault, this class has prepared me for many important life situations. Specific to NCSSM, skills such as stress and time management will help meRead MoreTime Management Reflection1104 Words   |  5 PagesTime Management Reflection Paper The consequences of improper time management based on my past experiences have taught me that proper time management is of fundamental importance for both personal and professional success. Time is a valuable resource and once lost cannot be regained. The fact is we all wished we had more than twenty four hours each day, however, since this is not possible, the only solution to this dilemma is the proper utilization of time which is absolutely crucial. One of theRead MoreReflection On Time Management1081 Words   |  5 PagesTime management seems to be an issue that many people struggle with. It is important to learn to balance work, school, and familial responsibilities. I plan to utilize any free time to work on school work, implementing Pareto’s Law, and looking at the big picture. Recently, a friend and I were planning our annual summer trip, which is the only time we see each other each year. I told her that there is only one weekend in which I will not be in the middle of school. She responded by saying, â€Å"That’sRead MoreReflection Paper On Time Management733 Words   |  3 PagesThis semester I learned a lot about the management process that takes place in healthcare organizations. The five concepts that resonated with me, along with how I feel they fit with the storyboard above are: planning, time management, organizing, staffing, controlling. Firstly, when I look at this picture I can see the fog and the lamp post. The reason I chose planning is because the benefit of planning allows the healthcare organizations’ goals to be organized and you can document the expectationsRead MoreLearning Styles, Time Management And Reflection1989 Words   |  8 Pageswill aid the author to develop both in life, and in higher education. Cottrell (2008) suggests a skill is a learned activity.-something you can develop through practice and reflection. You can fine-tune skills, including study skills, just as runners perfect their movement, breathing and pacing. There are many different reflection frameworks to use when learning and one of these frameworks will be discussed in further, detail that aided the author to develop further within the Study Skills module. ReflectiveRead MoreGenuine Reflection Paper1050 Words   |  5 PagesReflection is more than considering how we carried out a nursing action. Genuine reflection requires us not just to provide justifications for our behaviors, but to continue to study and appraise ourselves and own personal development including how we communicate and interact with others. Self-reflection ensures we carry out our nursing obligations according to the requirements of our practice and that we connect and consider our patients and coworkers in a caring way (Jacobs, 2016). Nurses alsoRead MoreMy Experience At The Public Health Leadership984 Words   |  4 PagesReflection This paper discusses my experiences after attending the Public Health Leadership subject in 2015, reflecting on important lessons learnt, the relevance to my work and the support required for my improvement. When I enrolled in this subject, I was not sure that I will get the best out of the subject considering my experiences with many leadership courses where the presenters have focused on theories of leadership skills without giving practical insights. However, at the end of this subjectRead More Personal Development and Reflective Reasoning in Nursing Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesthe relationship between theory and practice one may become a more competent nurse. Awareness of issues and analysis of knowledge and feelings are some stages that are involved in reflection but then identification and integration of new learning is needed as well. By consciously engaging in their own and others reflection it is believed that the level of professional interaction will improve. Motivation, one issue bound to crop up in ones work life, as well as leadership and of course managing conflictRead MoreReflection Personal Development Plan1163 Words   |  5 PagesReflection- Personal Development Plan Reflection is a major factor in developing self-awareness to improve services provided to everyone around me, this is to develop my own understanding in realising the good and bad made previously. Moving forward with a better understanding, as well as rectifying the mistake whilst recognising the good points, (Horton-Deutsch and Sherwood, 2008). Ordinarily whilst working in a domiciliary setting and visiting vulnerable adults within their homesRead MoreRyanair Strategy1069 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity Strategic Management Professor: Richard Lihua Individual Reflection Date:April 13, 2013 Student: Wu Yanfei (12211208) 1 ç› ®Ã¥ ½â€¢ 1. Knowledge Reflection ........................................................................ 3 2. Individual Experiences on Strategic Management Reflection ............. 6 3. Future Expectations ........................................................................... 7 2 1. Knowledge Reflection Strategic Management is the spirit for a

Thesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper - 21993 Words

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Adolescent pregnancy has long been a worldwide social and educational concern for the developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. Many countries continue to experience high incidence of teenage pregnancy despite the intervention strategies that have been put in place. In 1990 approximately 530,000 teenagers in the United States became pregnant, 51% of whom gave birth (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 1998). Available literature suggests that fertility rates in developing countries have declined in the past two decades (Dickson, 2002; Caldwell Caldwell, 2002). It is argued that due to changing socio-political circumstances, women have reassessed the timing of childbirth and the role of†¦show more content†¦Prevailing societal norms and values as determined by social, economic, cultural, psychological and developmental factors have influence on the behaviour of its youth. There is increasing evidence that adolescents are influenced by their environment, therefore reproductive behaviour might be influenced by community characteristics (National Population Unit, 2000). Much research has been done on factors that predispose girls to falling pregnant in their adolescent years (Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn Morgan, 1987; Dryfoos, 1990). Researchers have found a number of personal, family and social factors, which are often -5- associated with teenage pregnancy (Dryfoos, 1990). The high incidence of teenage pregnancy has become a major societal and educational concern, as it seems to perpetuate poverty and low levels of education (Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn, Morgan, 1987). Consequently, the majority of researchers have focused on socio-economic predictors and consequences of teenage pregnancy. Although knowledge on social factors has expanded in the past decade, research on the psychological effects of teenage pregnancy has been largely ignored. The current study seeks to explore the impact of pregnancy during adolescence, on the psychological processes. There is still a need to understand factors within an individual, which put an adolescent at greater risk of falling pregnant and how developmentShow MoreRelatedFree Papers1007 Words   |  5 Pagesacademic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sampl e papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use these free college papers, free highRead MoreFree Papers992 Words   |  4 Pagesacademic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use these free college papers, free highRead MorePeer Review825 Words   |  4 Pagesthe two classmates whose papers you review. This assignment is worth 50 points. * You will receive 10 points for submitting your draft by the required deadline. * You will receive 20 points for each peer review worksheet you submit for your peers (20 points x 2 reviews = 40 points total). Step 1: Post your Commentary draft in your assigned peer review group no later than Tuesday night at midnight MT. Hit Respond after the peer review directions and attach your essay as a .docx file. In yourRead MoreArab Spring and the French Revolution1272 Words   |  6 PagesFrench Revolution and the Arab Spring Essay Essay Prompt: To what extent does the French Revolution reflect the recent conflicts seen within the Arab Spring? Note: Consider the following themes: * Short-term and long-term causes * Popular Revolts * Voice of the People – leaders, writings, media and symbols * Shifts in Power * International Interventions * Religious Repercussions Research links/News Articles: Middle East Region - http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0Read MoreI Am Pursuing A Business Administration And Finance With A Long Term Goal958 Words   |  4 PagesThe following papers are a collaboration of all coursework I have completed throughout COMM 101 and 102. Through this coursework I have achieved great benefits from gained knowledge of various writing techniques and styles to make my writing ability better. Currently, I am pursuing a bachelor’s degree in business administration and finance with a long term goal to hopefully begin a career as a financial analyst or advisor. This paper will be an examination on the purposes of each paper as well as theirRead MoreI Am I First Signed Up For This Class869 Words   |  4 Pageslengthy research paper, and do extensive research. I felt confident that I could deliver in writing a well thought out and research paper. With that said, this class has given me new skills in terms of the writing process of a research pape r, and also in what it means to be a conscious writer. While I admit I still need to improve in my editing process, I fell that this class helped me notice some of my flaws for which I plan to improve upon. Building off of WRD 103, I felt that in this term my grammarRead MoreWhat I Really Taught Me?857 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant concepts that will help me for future essays. Before taking the course I did not know how to come to terms with any authors while using their concepts, but reading the Harris book really taught me to understand the way to come to terms with them. My essays have really improved over these 10 weeks. As a writer, I really struggled with making my essays be understood. Know I write my essays clearly and readers can come to terms with my essays. I understand that I still need work, but at theRead MoreHum 111 Confucius and Aristotle Paper814 Words   |  4 PagesCONFUCIUS AND ARISTOTLE PAPER Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/hum-111-confucius-and-aristotle-paper/ Choose one (1) of the topics from the list of topic choices below. Read the topic carefully. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper (750-1,000 words) that follows instructions and covers each part of the topic. (The title page and References list do not get included in this word count). For the topic you choose: 1. Establish a clear thesis about your topic as partRead MoreEssay on All That Jazz1115 Words   |  5 Pages(formula) for the successful organization and development of an argumentative essay as well as the framework for a formal outline that you can and should use for each of your essays. Print out the final pages and fill in the info by hand so that you can see how your body paragraphs are organized. Note though, that your essay might have more than four body paragraphs. Please recall that formal outlines must accompany each essay you write, but note that the basic formula TEMPLATE provided does not haveRead MoreNorth Eastern Chinese Stereotypes Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesclass, my writing skill is not strong. Grammar, especially, is my weakest point. Although for now, I may not come up with an essay with zero grammar mistakes, I indeed believe that my grammar improves a lot. I also learned how to better structure my paper by logically orientating my paragraphs. I learned that I need bridging sentences and transitional phrases to make my paper flow better. I learned several strategies about writing introduction and conclusion paragraph as well. All the improvements

Number free essay sample

18 minutes 610 minutes 206 minutes 34 minutes 6. The times taken by a phone operator to complete a call are 2,9,3,1,5 minutes respectively. What is the average time per call? a. b. c. d. 4 minutes 7 minutes 1 minutes 5 minutes 7. The times taken by a phone operator to complete a call are 2,9,3,1,5 minutes respectively. What is the median time per call? a. b. c. d. 5 minutes 7 minutes 1 minutes 4 minutes 8. Eric throws two dice, and his score is the sum of the values shown. Sandra throws one die, and her score is the square of the value shown. What is the probability that Sandra’s score will be strictly higher than Eric’s score? a. b. c. d. 137/216 17/36 173/216 5/6 9. What is the largest integer that divides all three numbers 23400,272304,205248 without leaving a remainder? a. b. c. d. 48 24 96 72 10. Of the 38 people in my office, 10 like to drink chocolate, 15 are cricket fans, and 20 neither like chocolate nor like cricket. How many people like both cricket and chocolate? a. We will write a custom essay sample on Number or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page b. c. d. 7 10 15 18 11. If f(x) = 2x+2 what is f(f(3))? a. b. c. d. 18 8 64 16 12. If f(x) = 7 x +12, what is f-1(x) (the inverse function)? a. b. c. d. (x-12)/7 7x+12 1/(7x+12) No inverse exists 13. A permutation is often represented by the cycles it has. For example, if we permute the numbers in the natural order to 2 3 1 5 4, this is represented as (1 3 2) (5 4). In this the (132) says that the first number has gone to the position 3, the third number has gone to the position 2, and the second number has gone to position 1, and (5 4) means that the fifth number has gone to position 4 and the fourth number has gone to position 5. The numbers with brackets are to be read cyclically. If a number has not changed position, it is kept as a single cycle. Thus 5 2 1 3 4 is represented as (1345)(2). We may apply permutations on itself If we apply the permutation (132)(54) once, we get 2 3 1 5 4. If we apply it again, we get 3 1 2 4 5 , or (1 2 3)(4) (5) If we consider the permutation of 7 numbers (1457)(263), what is its order (how many times must it be applied before the numbers appear in their original order)? a. b. c. d. 12 7 7! (factorial of 7) 14 14. What is the maximum value of x3y3 + 3 x*y when x+y = 8? a. b. c. d. 4144 256 8192 102 15. Two circles of radii 5 cm and 3 cm touch each other at A and also touch a line at B and C. The distance BC in cms is? a. b. c. d. ?60 ?62 ?68 ?64 16. In Goa beach, there are three small picnic tables. Tables 1 and 2 each seat three people. Table 3 seats only one person, since two of its seats are broken. Akash, Babu, Chitra, David, Eesha, Farooq, and Govind all sit at seats at these picnic tables. Who sits with whom and at which table are determined by the following constraints: a. Chitra does not sit at the same table as Govind. b. Eesha does not sit at the same table as David. c. Farooq does not sit at the same table as Chitra. d. Akash does not sit at the same table as Babu. e. Govind does not sit at the same table as Farooq. Which of the following is a list of people who could sit together at table 2? a. b. c. d. Govind, Eesha, Akash Babu, Farooq, Chitra Chitra, Govind, David. Farooq, David, Eesha. 17. There are a number of chocolates in a bag. If they were to be equally divided among 14 children, there are 10 chocolates left. If they were to be equally divided among 15 children, there are 8 chocolates left. Obviously, this can be satisfied if any multiple of 210 chocolates are added to the bag. What is the remainder when the minimum feasible number of chocolates in the bag is divided by 9? a. b. c. d. 2 5 4 6 18. Let f(m,n) =45*m + 36*n, where m and n are integers (positive or negative) What is the minimum positive value for f(m,n) for all values of m,n (this may be achieved for various values of m and n)? a. b. c. d. 9 6 5 18 19. What is the largest number that will divide 90207, 232585 and 127986 without leaving a remainder? a. b. c. d. 257 905 351 498 20. We have an equal arms two pan balance and need to weigh objects with integral weights in the range 1 to 40 kilo grams. We have a set of standard weights and can place the weights in any pan. . (i. e) some weights can be in a pan with objects and some weights can be in the other pan. The minimum number of standard weights required is: a. b. c. d. 4 10 5 6 21. A white cube(with six faces) is painted red on two different faces. How many different ways can this be done (two paintings are considered same if on a suitable rotation of the cube one painting can be carried to the other)? a. b. c. d. 2 15 4 30 22. How many divisors (including 1, but excluding 1000) are there for the number 1000? a. b. c. d. 15 16 31 10 23. In the polynomial f(x) =2*x^4 49*x^2 +54, what is the product of the roots, and what is the sum of the roots (Note that x^n denotes the x raised to the power n, or x multiplied by itself n times)? a. b. c. d. 27,0 54,2 49/2,54 49,27 24. In the polynomial f(x) = x^5 + a*x^3 + b*x^4 +c*x + d, all coefficients a, b, c, d are integers. If 3 + sqrt(7) is a root, which of the following must be also a root? (Note that x^n denotes the x raised to the power n, or x multiplied by itself n times. Also sqrt(u) denotes the square root of u, or the number which when multiplied by itself, gives the number u)? a. b. c. d. 3-sqrt(7) 3+sqrt(21) 5 sqrt(7) + sqrt(3)

Ralph Essays - Religion, Literature, Spirituality, Lecturers

Ralph Waldo Emmerson Ralph Waldo Emerson "...was truly one of our great geniuses" even though he may have a short biography (Hodgins 212). But as Emerson once said himself, "Great geniuses have the shortest biographies." Emerson was also a major leader of "the philosophical movement of Transcendentalism". (Encarta 1) Transcendentalism was belief in a higher reality than that found everyday life that a human can achieve. Biographical Information Emerson was born on May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father died when he was young and his mother was left with him and his four other siblings. At the age of 18 he graduated from Harvard University and was a teacher for three years in Boston. Then in 1825 he entered Harvard Divinity School and preached for three years. At the age of 29 he resigned for ministry, partly because of the death of his wife after only 17 months of marriage. In 1835 he married Lydia Jackson and started to lecture. Then in 1836, he helped to start the Transcendental Club. The Transcendental Club was formed for authors that were part of this historical movement. Emerson was a big part of this and practically initiated the entire club. As we know he was already a major part of the movement and know got himself involved more. Many people and ways of life throughout his career including Neoplatonism, the Hindu religion, Plato and even his wife influenced Emerson. He also inspired many Transcendentalists like Thoreau. Emerson didn't win any major awards, but he did win the love and appreciation of his readers. Literary Information Emerson wrote many genres of writing including poetry and sermons, but his best writing is found in his essays. Even though he is noted for his essays, he was also a strong force in poetry. Emerson was known for presenting ideas in an expressive style. He wrote about numerous issues including nature, society, conspiracy and freedom. After returning to America after a visit to England, he wrote for the abolitionist cause, which was eliminating slavery. Emerson used these ideas in his 1837 lecture "The American Scholar," which he presented before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard. In it he talked about Americans becoming more intelligently independent. In a second address, commonly referred to as the "Address at Divinity College," given in 1838 to the graduating class of Cambridge Divinity College, brought about a problem because it attacked religion and pushed independence. Some of Emerson's famous titles are "Essays", which was published in 1844, Poems, which was published in 1847, "Nature: Addresses and Lectures", 1849, and "Representative Men", 1850. In 1860, he published "Conduct of Life", which was the first of his works to receive immediate popularity. In these works you were able to see the influence Plato and Neoplatonism had of him. "Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher. He developed the notion of a higher reality that exists beyond the powers of human comprehension. Plato explained that the idea of absolute goodness transcends human description. Neoplantonism was a collective designation for the philosophical and religious doctrines of a heterogeneous school of speculative thinkers who sought to develop and synthesize the metaphysical ideas of Plato" (Encarta). Ralph Waldo Emerson found motivation to write in anything he did, whether it was visiting England, the Transcendental Movement or if it was abolishing slavery. He didn't receive much fame during his lifetime, but after he passed away in1882, he was remembered for all of his writing, not just one good essay. "Emerson was the most important figure during the Romantic Period" (Myerson 3). He left his mark on writing, especially the Romantic Period. Bibliography "Emerson, Ralph Waldo." Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. 1998 ed. "Emerson, Ralph Waldo." Lkd. Columbia University Homepage, at "ILT Web." *http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/acedemic/digitexts/emerson/bio_emerson.html * Hodgins, Francis. ed. Adventures in American Literature. Orlando: Harcourt, 1989. Myerson, Joel. "Ralph Waldo Emerson." Grolier Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 1993 ed.

The Art Of Fear Essay Example For Students

The Art Of Fear Essay Fear is a pestilence. It poisons the mind, and paralyzes the body. It can easily mutate taking on the forms of paranoia and even phobias. It can manifest into an epidemic, spreading like a wildfire throughout our society. When put into natural situations, fear can act as a safety mechanism, which advises us to keep clear from danger, but when fear is manipulated by the wrong mediums, it can cause more harm than good. What exactly is fear, and can one really put a single definition to it? The definition of fear is universal, varying from one culture to another. Simply put, fear is in the mind of the beholder, its an art in and of itself. In American culture, the media, which I often refer to as the Powerhouse of Mass Manipulation, likes to dictate what we should fear-I call this constructed fear. We will write a custom essay on The Art Of Fear specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These suggestions may range from fear of being overweight to your neighbor might be a terrorist. Speaking of terrorists, George Bush (haha get it?) used the fear of further terrorist attacks and weapons of mass destruction to fuel his tirade in Iraq. The American people blindly supported him and his war due to fear for their own safety. Only now, does the majority of Americans see through his smoke and mirrors when he comes out of Iraq empty handed. Perhaps Bush should have done his homework, he would have stumbled across the infamous Adolph who used the same trick, only he was successful. Unbelievably, there is such a thing good fear, such as the fear of God. Those who fear God obey his rules, and obeying his rules means living a morally clean life. In other words, no harm comes from this fear. Another example is the fear of the authorities, those who fear the police dont commit crimes, thus keeping out of jail. There is also a level of respect that comes with fearing God and the Police; when people rebel against these forces it not only shows disrespect but the fact that they do not fear someone higher then themselves. Fear can also be contagious. Take for example this passage from Grendel Grendel begins to shriek in pain and fear; the sound terrifies all who hear it. Grendel is the one who initially feels the fear, but his reaction caused those around him to be terrified, thus inflicting indirect fear. In England, 1485 a plague called the Sweat swept the land claiming thousands of lives, some that could have been spared. This unique sickness killed quickly, it had the characteristics of a severe fever. It was said that to avoid becoming sick, one should remain calm and keep from over perspiring. Now, this sounds simple, but many who have heard of this sickness began to panic, only thinking they were sick when they were fine. Ultimately, they stressed themselves out with the fear of dying and ended up dead. Theres nothing worse than death by irony. Fear is an illness that has sickened humanity from the beginning of time. Until society can learn to be more tolerant of things that were unfamiliar with, such as other cultures, constructed fear may remain with us for some time. Initially, fear was meant to be a tool used to maintain order, and keep us safe. Used correctly, we can live orderly, however, abused and it can be more destructive than any weapon of mass destruction.

Research Paper on Snowboarding

Research Paper on Snowboarding Snowboarding is a new sport that is very challenging and is attracting new fans all around the world. Snowboarding has really changed since it was first invented. It has become one of the fastest growing sports in America and the world. People everywhere including me are waiting for the snow to get a chance to go snowboarding. Snowboarding is the cross between surfing and skateboarding. Snowboarding has evolved into a great new sport but when it was first invented in the early 1900’s it was thought to be a child’s toy. Since that time it has changed from a child’s sport to a new competitive sport that features men and woman. Now days there are many competitions for snowboarding. Some people saw snowboarding as an alternative to surfing, skiing, and skateboarding. People who couldn’t buy surfing boards like Jake Burton used snowboarding as an alternative. It was a new sport and cheap to buy a snowboard. People who liked skateboarding saw snowboarding as a new sport that they could make their mark on. Nobody knows who invented the snowboard but in 1929 M.J. â€Å"Jack† Burchett invented one of the first snowboards. He cut out a piece of plywood and tried to secure his feet with some clothesline and horse reins. Thirty years later the next step in snowboarding was taken when Sherman Poppen, a chemical gases engineer invented â€Å"The Snurfer† as a toy for his daughter. Poppen made the â€Å"Snurfer† by bounding two skis together and putting a rope at the nose, so that the rider could hold it and keep it stable. Soon many of his daughter’s friends wanted a â€Å"Snurfer† too. So Poppen licensed his idea to a manufacturer and in 1966 â€Å"The Snurfer† sold over half a million times. In 1979 Poppen left the snowboarding business after Burton came up with the bindings and went back to his old profession. Another inventor was Jake Burton who became interested in snowboarding after taking part in Poppen’s â€Å"Snurfer† competitions that Poppen organized. His parents wouldn’t buy him a surfboard so riding the â€Å"Snurfer† was a new cool thing to do. In 1977 after he finished college Burton moved to Londonderry, Vermont to make money building different types of the Snurfer. He made his first boards out of laminated hardwood. While at a Snurfer competition in 1979 Burton shocked everyone by using his new board which had the first binding. The new binding made a big difference for handling the board and the binding made it easier for him to beat the other riders. In 1969 Dimitrije Milovich started making snowboards after he got the idea from sliding down a hill on a cafeteria plate in college. His snowboards were based on surfboards combined with the way skis work. In 1972 Dimitrije started a new company called â€Å"Winterstick†. He produced lots of snowboards and even got articles in magazines like â€Å"News Week†, â€Å"Playboy†, and â€Å"Power† which gave snowboarding lots of notoriety. In 1980 Milovich left the snowboarding business. He was still known as a very important pioneer of the sport. At the same time that Jake Burton was producing his snowboards Tom Sims produced his first snowboards in 1977. Sims was an avid skateboarder who made a â€Å"snowboard† in a junior high school shop class. He made his out of carpet wood and aluminum. He glued some carpet to the top of a piece of wood and put an aluminum sheeting on the bottom. He started making snowboards in 1977 in his garage with his friend and employee Chuck Barfoot. Barfoot actually made the boards and came up with the â€Å"Flying Yellow Banana†. It was a skateboard deck on top of a plastic shell with skegs. During 1980 Sims signed a skate-snowboarding deal with a big company Vision Sports. Signing the deal helped Sims get out of his financial problems but his friend Barfoot was left out and tried to go into business for himself but couldn’t compete with big competitors like Sims and Burton. The first modern competitive snowboarding contest took place in Leadville, Colorado in 1981. Then snowboarding competition took off from there and became world wide. In 1982 the first national snowboarding race was held in Suicide Six, outside of Woodstock, Vermont. Because of the conditions of the hill the goal of the race appeared to be mostly just surviving the race. The race was on a steep icy downhill run called â€Å"The Face†. Paul Graves put it on and Tom Simms and Jake Burton competed. Doug Bouton wins first place overall. This race marked the last time that snowboards and snurfer’s raced together. In 1983 Jake Burton puts on the national snowboarding championships in Snow Valley. A couple of months later Tom Sims holds the inaugural World Snowboarding Championships at Soda Springs Ski Bowl in Lake Tahoe. That contest featured the first contest with a half pipe. In 1986 the World Snowboarding Championships move from Soda Springs to Colorado. In 1986 a new European snowboarding generation is launched. Then the Europeans began to organize their own regional events like the Swiss Championships in St. Moritz. In 1987 a group of riders and manufacturers form N.A.S.B.A. who’s main goal is to create a unified World Cup tour with the Europeans. In 1988 N.A.S.B.A. got its wish and the first world cup was held in both Europe and the United States. On a interesting note one million dollars is spent on the Victoria World Cup in Japan. It was the most expensive snowboarding contest ever. In 1994 everybody was happy because snowboarding was declared a Winter Olympic sport. It was finally accepted as a real competitive sport. In the 1998 Olympics in Nagano, Japan it was the first time ever that snowboarding was in the Olympics.

Design Principles and Applications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design Principles and Applications - Assignment Example A client brief is, therefore, a rough draft or sketch of the project design that the architect uses in making sure that the client’s preference in designing is not compromised or lost completely. Generally, clients’ make their requirements list to be met by the architect without much professional information and they are usually faulty but not always a waste of time. Client-oriented designers and architects always consider having the clients requirements incorporated in the final design. The need for the client brief is to ensure that the project is clearly thought out between the client and the architect, with reflections, information, budgeting, and assessments easily facilitated for the project. Involvement of the client makes sure that discontent is eliminated at the earliest possible instance and clarifications sought well enough to facilitate the development of a good design. In this case, Moulton College will be required to submit a client brief which does not necessarily have to be very complicated. Enough information and detail should be availed of the design requirements for the farm manager’s house. To ensure that the designers’ ideas based on professional principles are in congruence with the clients’ needs and specifications, the clients’ are assisted by the designers in understanding some design concepts. While it is not possible to have all clients’ needs incorporated due to some technicalities, some requirements may be useful in the design when the designer understands them. â€Å"Firming up the brief† involves the understanding of the clients’ specifications in the design work. Communication and effectiveness of the client brief are faced by some challenges which both the client and architect should be prepared for in case they arose. Designers and architects have a higher propensity to ignore and assume the input of a client in the design.  

Number theory and RSA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Number theory and RSA - Essay Example At this stage, the message is sent to the recipient, for the receiver to get the clear message, the message is decrypted back to original plaintext. The whole process usually rely on a key, this key give a way to encrypt the message by the sender and a way for the listener to figure out what the message says (decrypt). This can be enabled with the use of the old cryptosystem which used the symmetric keys or the newly and more advanced public key cryptosystem. In symmetric keys one had to possess the key that was used to encrypt the message so as to decrypt back the message at the other end; but for the public key cryptosystem knowing the message does not mean one can decrypt the message (Stinson, 2006). For example, the trapdoor function; in this idea, a function ? is for encryption, so, to decrypt one has to find the inverse, ; which is difficult to find, this means that even if you have ? and you understand the output is A, it is still hard to find (A). However, if it happens that you know k, (extra piece information that acts as a lever that lets the inverse fall through by opening the trapdoor), then from ?, A and k one can easily come up with (A), so in this system k is kept secret but the whole message can be displayed or heard by anyone and it does not pose any threat because nobody can decrypt the message. Number Theory In Number theory, theorems have been derived to explain the public key cryptosystem and the key exchange problem (Martin J. Erickson, 2008). Some studies introduce the sage commands to aid in performing basic number theorems such as Euler’s phi function and greatest common divisor. This happens when coding the algorithms and functions, but mathematically it is not a requirement as we will notice in the examples. In definition, integers greater than 1, and their positive divisors are only 1 and itself, then that is a prime number, otherwise if not then it is a composite number (Martin J. Erickson, 2008). The fundamental theorem of arithmetic is the base equation when dealing with number theory is; n The greatest common divisor of k and m, (gcd (k, m)), is the largest number that can divide both k and m. this two positive integers greater than 0 are relatively prime if gcd (k, m) =1. This can be shown by the extended Euclidian algorithm below (T. H. Cormen, 2001), Input: k, m Output: (d, x, y) subject to d=gcd(k,m) and kx + my = d d=k; t=m; x=1; y=0; r=0; s=1; While (t>0) { q = _d/t_ u=x-qr; v=y-qs; w=d-qt x=r; y=s; d=t r=u; s=v; t=w } return (d, x, y) In the above algorithm, these Invariants were used gcd(k,m)=gcd(d,t) kx + my = d kr + ms = t using the Chinese Reminder Theorem(CRT) (Loxton, 1990), we Let m1, m2, ,,, mk be integers subject to gcd(mi, mj) = 1, i j, and †¦ This means that there exist a unique solution modulo m= and this solution is given by (a1, a2,†¦ ak) = (? ) mod m, Where = m /, and = mod This idea can be proven by these four steps; 1. Set M = 2. Find such that + = 1(this is a Bezou t). 3. Note that = 1 if j 4. Therefore, the solution to the system equation becomes: Mentioned above is the Bezout’s Identity, which is a property in the greatest common divisor (Martin J. Erickson, 2008). The Bezout’s identify states that for any two natural numbers k and m, there exist integers x

Systems and Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Systems and Operations Management - Essay Example Competition has progressed from one that is based on specific organisational practises to one that is highly influenced by the supply chains of an organization. Supply chain management has been conceptualized into five dimensions that posses the potential to determine the competitive advantage of a business especially in the manufacturing sector. Supply chain dimension are the determinant factors that influences the excellence of a specific supply chain model adopted by a company specifically in the chemical specialty sector. These dimensions include but are not limited to alignment of the overall business strategies and the supply chain strategy and the execution of such strategies. Strategic depth of every supply chain management plan also forms an important element of supply chain dimension that a company must consider. All the steps taken in enhancing the competitiveness of a business targets the customers who must register utmost satisfaction with the supply chain performance, a n important dimension in strategic management of supply chains. Proper supply chain management also creates competitive advantage by providing the link between demand creation and demand fulfilment by improving the ability of a business to design its products based on the desires and tastes of the customers. ... Speciality chemicals include materials such as adhesives, agrichemicals, polymers, fragrances, food additives and surfactants. As products that are majorly used based on the basis of their performance and function, supply chain management plays a significant role in the development of proper products that can suit the demands of other industries and individuals. Speciality companies belong to different associations depending on their country of origin and the nature of products that they generally produce. In the United Kingdom, speciality industries belong to the British association of chemical specialties while American version is the society of chemical manufacturers and affiliates. Apex industrial chemicals is a British based company with its headquarters in Aberdeen and supplies companies and individual client’s different products for use in specific specialty industries. The products manufactured by the company include cleaners, degreasers, scale dissolvers, lubricants, corrosion preventives and hand care products. The products form Apex industrial chemicals targets players in other industries including the vehicle exterior cleaning and maintenance, electrical equipment maintenance and fabrication and engineering among others (Berning et al, 2002). Apex also manufactures products that targets offshore marine companies that are used in mining and offshore oil drilling. The widespread market presence of AIC across Europe and other parts of the world can be attributed to the sound supply management strategy that the company has employed. This has enabled the company to manufacture products that meets the demands and specifications of the clients found within different sectors of the economy. Example would be low cost

Social, Political and Economic Impacts of Thatcher

Social, Political and Economic Impacts of Thatcher There is little doubt that the Thatcher administration had a social, political and economic impact on Britain during its years of reign. The push for privatisation of the public sector, the subsequent unemployment, and the drive to divert housing away from the control of the state and into the control of private parties are, among others, the key events that shaped the influence that Thatcherism had on the British public. It has often been argued that the concept of Thatcherism goes against the grain of traditional Conservative political thought since the end of the Second World War in 1945, and that Thatcher’s â€Å"New Right† set out challenge the elements of classic liberalism that were traditionally embraced by the Tory’s up to her victory in 1979.[1] However, others have also argued that Thatcher’s New Right still embraced one key factor of traditional Tory political thought: the concept of tradition.[2] The most accurate definition of the New Right s chool of thought is the fact is combines elements of both liberalism (the need for freedom) and traditionalism (the preservation of concepts of heritage) into a new form of ultra-conservative thinking, which is said to have first come to prominence during Ronald Reagan’s election to the White House in 1980.[3] Thatcher’s foreign policy embraced the US as a close ally during Reagan’s presidency, and as such they shared political thoughts and ideas on certain issues.[4] The Thatcher government is attributed as being responsible for the reformation of the labour market during the 1980’s. One main method of achieving this was through the reformation of the income tax system, which dropped the top marginal tax rate for the extremely wealthy.[5] The basic tax rate was cut from 33% to 25%, and the top tax rate was reduced from 83% to 40%.[6] This reduction in taxes is said to have lead to an increase in big business and skilled workforce interest in Britain, rather than having to shift their operations offshore to avoid the high taxes. Having large business back in Britain, set up through the encouragement of a foreign skilled workforce to set up in Britain through lower income tax, meant that the economy would subsequently strengthen due to an increased import/export market and foreign trade deals, regardless of the fact that the government would initially lose up to half its revenue from the top marginal tax bracket. The labour market also faced a shake-up in terms of union involvement, with Thatcher legislating extensively to restrict their involvement in industrial relations, and effectively disabling their ability to call strikes.[7] This meant that the common man’s rights at work were severely challenged by the Thatcher legislative agenda, thereby effectively distancing government from the middle to working classes of British society. This is somewhat contradictory to her proclamation that, upon arriving to Downing Street, her vision was of an â€Å"open, classless Britain†.[8] Rather it could be argued that, in some areas at least, her agenda has somewhat reinforced the class system in Britain, and created a breed of ‘working poor’ class, where encouragement to own property and shares has lead to the inability to create free capital, on which a family can survive. Thatcher also believed that state ownership of many companies was hampering growth in other sectors. Famous firms such as Cable Wireless, British Aerospace, British Petroleum, Rover, British Airways, and British Telecom are now quite largely owned by the public, as well as basic suppliers of gas, electricity, water, telecommunications, road and rail.[9] With the transfer from public to private enterprise meant subsequent deregulation of those companies, allowing them to make changes to the company as their respective boards of directors saw fit. This also could be argued to mean that many employees would no longer be government employees that were provided with government benefits, such as generous superannuation contributions. Rather, superannuation would be at the discretion of the employer, and those that did not receive such benefits would be reliant upon the welfare of the state come unemployment or retirement. This is especially relevant where a mandatory retirement age is enf orced. Again, this further demonstrates the position of the Thatcher administration in terms of providing for middle to lower classes of British society, and only looking out for those that are wealthy enough to own stock in such privatised companies (20% of Britons in 1990, compared with 7% in 1979).[10] Interestingly, under Thatcher in 1980, the Royal Family was given an increase in its allowance from the British government by several million pounds, while cuts in expenditure were being made in most other areas![11] Britain began to pay a price for Thatcher’s cost cutting and privatisation during the 1980s. While the Thatcher administration had inherited high inflation from the preceding Heath Labour government,[12] methods still had to be put in place to control this. Within a few years, inflation was down to 5%, however as a result of strict money control as a method of control, unemployment had risen to around 3 million (or 6%) in the mid 1980s.[13] However, 70% of the British public now owned their own homes, which promoted Thatcher’s importance of personal wealth as a fundamental policy.[14] The economy was favoured over infrastructure and social welfare, with roads and railways showing â€Å"signs of neglect† and homelessness having â€Å"visibly increased†.[15] An example of Thatcher’s favouritism towards the economy is demonstrated by the Local Government Bill 1988, which would have made it illegal to promote homosexuality, or to promote the teaching of homosexuality in any school.[16] It could be argued that this Bill was introduced in the wake of a perceived AIDS epidemic that was striking Britain at the time[17] and, rather than spending money to combat this problem through social welfare programs, it seemed much more economically sound to eradicate the problem at a political level. This again demonstrates the distance between the Thatcher government and the social sphere of Britain, also considering proposals in terms of their ‘pounds-and-pence’ value, and not at a grassroots social level. Upon considering various commentaries and statistical data on the issue, it become clear that the success of the Thatcher administration from 1979-1990 can only best be judged in a two-pronged sense: economically and socially. From an economist’s (and upper class) perspective, it is clear that the Thatcher government achieved success in stabilising the British economy and made life in Britain generally more appealing for those of a higher socio-economic status. This was highlighted by the push for people to own their own homes, own stock portfolios and the ability for people in the highest tax bracket to retain 43% more of their earnings. This is in stark contrast to those of middle to working class populations, where the basic tax rate was cut by a mere 8%, union representation was cut and state-owned enterprise was sold to the public, creating a deregulated corporate anarchic sphere. This meant unemployment rates rose, due to the government having less ability to undertake r emedial programs in the formerly state-owned companies, such as job placement. Rather these people became reliant upon the welfare of the state, which was lacking due to the â€Å"classless† approach of the Thatcher government. In short, Thatcherism is critical of any form of post-war political thought in Britain up until the victory in the 1979 election, due to the ‘one nation’ approach of the New Right. From an economic perspective, it was a godsend. From a socialist’s perspective, it has its flaws. But there is no disputing the fact that Thatcher has left a lasting legacy in British political thought, one which continues in part today through Tony Blair’s New Labour. So what of the future? With the rise of big business, one would assume that corporate deregulation and denationalisation will continue in the future, putting more peoples’ jobs at risk. However, the Labour government have traditionally taken a kind view towards the working man and their union representations. So will this mean more rights for the common man? Only time will tell Bibliography Books Barker, R, Political Ideas in Modern Britain: In and After the 20th Century (1997, 2nd ed), Routledge, London. Hickson, K (ed), The Political Thought of the Conservative Party Since 1945 (2005), Palgrave MacMillan, Hampshire. Marquand, D and Seldon, A, The Ideas that Shaped Modern Britain (1996), Fontana Press, London. Robertson, D, The Penguin Dictionary of Politics (1993, 2nd ed), Penguin, London. Journal Articles Hitchens, C, ‘This Thatchered Land, This England’ (1980) 231 Nation 3. Nelan, B, ‘A Legacy of Revolution’ (1990) 136 Time 24. Stelzer, I, ‘What Thatcher Wrought’ (1992) Public Interest 107. Legislation Local Government Bill 1998 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880009_en_5.htm Footnotes [1] Kevin Hickson (ed), The Political Thought of the Conservative Party Since 1945 (2005), 28. [2] Rodney Barker, Political Ideas in Modern Britain: In and After the 20th Century (1997, 2nd ed), 224. [3] David Robertson, The Penguin Dictionary of Politics (1993, 2nd ed), 348-9. [4] Ibid, 460. [5] David Marquand and Anthony Seldon, The Ideas that Shaped Modern Britain (1996), 154. [6] Bruce Nelan, ‘A Legacy of Revolution’ (1990) 136 Time 24, 66. [7] Nelan, as above n 6. [8] Ibid. [9] Irwin Stelzer, ‘What Thatcher Wrought’ (1992) Public Interest 107, 33-6. [10] Nelan, as above n 6. [11] Christopher Hitchens, ‘This Thatchered Land, This England’ (1980) 231 Nation 3, 72-3. [12] Hickson, as above n 1, 42. [13] Ibid. [14] Nelan, as above n 6. [15] Ibid. [16] Local Government Bill 1988 (UK), s 2A. [17] Stelzer, as above n 9, 49.

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay

A minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily, or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers. The debate over minimum wage in the United States has been ongoing for over 100 years. It is a hot topic in labor, human interest, and especially in economics. Is the minimum wage too low? Is it too high? Should we have one at all? Does having a minimum legal wage help those who it is intended to help, or does it actually make them worse off? Theses questions are asked on a daily basis by interested parties. While there may not be one definitive correct answer, there are compelling arguments on both sides of the issue, and those who represent their â€Å"side† are passionate about their opinions. This is one of a few social topics about which people are generally not indifferent. Much of the adult workforce in the United States has worked a minimum wage job at some point in their career, so we can easily relate to the challenges that face today’s minimum wage workers. This paper is not intended to solve the debate over minimum wage, nor will it attempt to persuade the reader in one direction or the other regarding what should be done concerning minimum wage. The pages that follow will present a brief history of the minimum wage debate in the United States, and then present some of the arguments offered by both sides of the debate. A Brief History of Minimum Wage Although New Zealand was the first country to formally enact minimum wage legislation in 1896,[i] the United States was one of the first major industrialized nations to set a national wage floor for their workers. For decades during the industrial revolution, workers in the United States endured work environments that consisted of long hours, dangerous working conditions, and low wages. Small movements to develop a national minimum wage by labor unions and activist groups were met with predictable resistance from business people, and ultimately struck down by the U. S. Supreme Court. [ii] Finally, in 1938 President Roosevelt and Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. This act was intended to alleviate some of the poor working conditions that mostly women and young children were subject to. Additionally, this act imposed a federally mandated minimum wage of $0. 25 per hour, with some exceptions. [iii] There have been subsequent pieces of legislation that continue to address and improve workers’ rights since that time, focusing more on quality of life issues rather than eliminating abuses by employers. Additionally, individual states now have the right to enact their own minimum wage, so long as it is no lower than the federally mandated minimum wage. Since 1938, the national minimum wage has been raised 21 times, most recently in 2009, and is currently $7. 25 per hour. Today, more than 90% of countries in the world have some sort of wage floor for their work force. [iv] The Case for Minimum Wage Those in favor of a minimum wage argue that it increases the standard of living of workers and reduces poverty. [v] Those workers that are paid minimum wage are unskilled laborers, perhaps first entering the job market. Without any marketable skills, the worker needs some protection that they will be paid a fair rate that will enable them to be self-sufficient until such time that they have learned a skill or trade that will allow them to work their way up from the low wage jobs. Without a minimum wage, employers would have significantly more market power than the workers – a monopsony – and that could result in the intentional collusion between employers regarding the wage they will offer. [vi] Absent this protection, workers would be forced to accept the artificially low wages, resulting in a very low quality of life. Additionally, the argument can be made that paying a â€Å"livable† minimum wage incentivizes workers to not only get a job, but to work hard to keep that job. When minimum wages are significantly greater than payments received through a social welfare system, people are rewarded for their hard work. If a person could receive an amount close to what they would earn at minimum wage through the welfare system, what motivation would they have to work the minimum wage job? In contrast, if workers are paid an amount that is considerably more, they will find and keep work. This serves another purpose, to decrease the cost of government administered social welfare programs by getting people off of welfare and onto payrolls. Another common argument made by those in favor of the minimum wage is that it actually helps to stimulate spending, improving overall economic conditions. [vii] The theory behind this argument is that low wage earners typically spend everything they make. Whether on necessities or luxury items, minimum wage earners are likely to spend their entire paycheck. If there were an increase in the minimum wage, the people who would receive the pay increase would turn around and spend their new money. This would help to cover the costs of the increased wages as many businesses would see an almost immediate return through increased sales. While this argument seems to make sense, it must be clarified that no empirical evidence to support this claim could be found. Another argument made is that an increase in minimum wage helps to improve the work ethic of those who receive the increase. The implication is that if their employer is forced to give them a raise, they will be compelled to work harder to improve their efficiency and increase their productivity in return. Again, there is no evidence to either support or refute this claim, and opinions run strong regarding this argument. Perhaps the most basic and most often made argument in support of a national minimum wage law is that it is simply the correct thing to do, morally speaking. The idea that we should want to take care of each other and make sure that everyone made a comfortable wage is one of the most basic tenets of the philosophy of those who support it. Arguments against Minimum Wage Laws: On the other side of the argument are those who are opposed to increasing the minimum wage, as well as some who think it should be abolished altogether. Many businesspeople and economists are on this side of the debate, and they present some pretty compelling arguments. They argue that imposing an increase on the federally mandated minimum wage actually will do more economic harm than good. [viii] The main argument deals with the elasticity of demand regarding employment. A minimum wage increase actually reduces the quantity demanded of workers, either through a reduction in the number of hours worked by individuals, or through a reduction in the number of jobs. ix] Simply put, employers are likely not going to increase their salary budget, so if the hourly wages increase, then they must reduce the number of hours of work that they are paying for. This could result in the exact opposite impact of that which is intended. Those earning the minimum wage and are facing reduced hours or even being let go will find themselves much worse off as a result of an increase than leaving it at its current rate. Additionally, often the way out of e arning minimum wage is through skills learned through those minimum wage jobs. If there are fewer of these jobs as a result of the wage being higher, fewer people will be able to learn the skills needed to move up on a career path and break the cycle of poverty. Secondly, if employers are unwilling or unable to reduce the number of hours they pay their employees, they will simply attempt to make up the increased salary expense through increased prices. On a small scale, this may not have a large impact on the overall economy. When this is done on a large scale because many employers need to cover their increased costs, this is likely to lead to inflation. x] Higher salaries necessitate higher prices which will erode most if not all of the benefits of the increase in pay. The minimum wage workers will have the same buying power as before, but because of unnecessary inflation, the lower middle class will actually face the biggest impact because their wages will not have increased but their purchasing power will also have eroded. Another area that may be impacted by a mandated wage increase is training. As most workers who earn the minimum wage typically have little education and training, their biggest chance to work their way into a higher paying job is through on the job training. One part of an employer’s budget that could face cuts would be for providing training to employees. Often employers provide training to their employees that would help them advance in their career, but may not be completely necessary in their current position. Unnecessary expenses such as this will most likely be trimmed, resulting in fewer opportunities for the working poor. [xi] Perhaps the simplest argument is if a minimum wage worker is producing $4. 00 per hour worth of product, and then the federal minimum wage is raised to $5. 0, the employer must find a way to increase the workers marginal productivity or face operating loses due to underproductive employees. One final thought from opponents is that once all of the aforementioned arguments are considered, there are more effective ways of helping address the issue of poverty. The Earned Income Tax Credit is pointed to as a strong example of one of the more effective ideas, rather than putting the burden of poverty on em ployers, it is shifted to the government. [xii] Empirical Data: When considering both sides of this debate, it is important to realize who are the workers earning minimum wage, and what role they have in providing for their families. Of the 1. 9 million workers in the United States who were paid the minimum wage in 2005 (most recent information available), more than one half (53%) are between the ages of 16-24. These workers are most likely high school and college students, and most of them do not work a full time schedule. Two thirds are members of families who have a combined income of at least 2 or more times the official poverty level based on their family size. Less than 17 percent are the only wage earners in their families, and less than 6 percent are poor single mothers. [xiii] What does this information tell us? The most important thing is that an increase in the minimum wage would target a majority of people who may not be living in poverty and are otherwise not in need of direct assistance. The far-reaching effects of raising minimum wages across the board in order to get help to the approximately 22 percent of earners who are truly living in poverty seems to be at the least ineffective, and at worst it could epresent a terrible misstep in economic policy. It is difficult if not impossible to identify the jobs lost because of minimum wage, but it is very easy to identify the additional income for a minimum wage worker. This is often the first retort from minimum wage advocates in response to arguments made by the other side. Alison Wellington’s research found that a 10% increase in the minimum wage resulted in a 0. 6% decrease in teenage employment, with no effect on unemployment rates. [xiv] A study along the same lines by David Neumark and William Washer in 2008 found contrasting results. They concluded that minimum wage resulted in a reduction in employment opportunities for low skilled workers, it was most harmful to poverty-stricken families, and that it lowers the adult wages of young workers by reducing their ultimate level of education. [xv] There are countless studies on both sides of the issue, and each one only solidifies each side in their existing opinion. No matter what position one takes regarding the minimum wage debate, there are a multitude of studies available to support it. The seemingly obvious fact is that these small increases that are enacted every few years are never enough to truly make a difference in bringing a person or a family out of poverty. A fifty cent increase in the minimum wage results in about $20 more per week for a full time worker. In my estimation, it is quite unlikely that small amount is making the difference in a person or a family living in poverty and living comfortably. A study of PhD members of the American Economic Association found that 46. % of respondents wanted minimum wage completely eliminated while 37. 7% want the minimum wage increased. [xvi] Such division among even the most expert economists shows exactly how contentious this issue is, and that there is no black and white, right or wrong answer to solve the debate. Perhaps as time goes on and there is more historical data to review, there may be a more definitive answer regarding this debate. Until such time, both sides will most likely remain entrenched in their current position.

Ethnic Foodways or Ethnic Globalization Essay

Globalization has indeed been a global osmosis of culture that includes dress habits, language and food habits. The melting pot that is often used as an analogy for globalization best describes what happens when several different cultures meet. Each adds its own flavor to local culture and what results is an amalgam that includes elements from all contributing cultures. Globalization results in the movement of factors of production through capital transfers and labor migration. Migration gives rise to a transfer of cultural elements. What has been seen in the recent past is the fast paced globalization through the multi national firm. In the cultural context, this global mix has been seen in the migration of culture through large clothing chains, retail supermarkets and food products. Phillips (2006) talks of how the increase in labor mobility has helped cuisine and food transfer across borders. In the nineteenth century itself, the movement of indentured labor for work in plantations in the West Indies and the Pacific enabled the movement of food habits from Asia to North America. Even earlier it was African cuisine that had gained a foothold in the US. The multinational food chain now ensures that similar food is available in each of its outlets across the world. MacDonald’s USP is indeed that the Big Mac would taste the same in each of its 25000 locations across the world. However, with this standardization is also the need to cater to local markets and take advantage of the local raw material to satisfy local tastes. Sometimes large multinational food chains have to localize to be able to gain larger market shares and that is the reason. In other cases, local tradition dictates nutrients that restaurants may choose and may avoid. Hence the MacDonald outlet in the Middle East does not serve ham while it avoids beef in India. Therefore one can see that globalization results in a two way exchange of cultures by way of food habits and tastes.

Characters Analysis What You Pawn I Will Redeem

Characters Analysis What You Pawn I Will Redeem Abstract â€Å"What you pawn I will redeem† is a short story about an Indian who shows extra ordinary strength in a tough time. Jackson the main character in the story is a homeless Indian who is on a quest to get back his grandmother’s regalia. This story has many interesting characters that collectively make the story an intriguing one. (Porter, 2006)Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Characters Analysis: â€Å"What You Pawn I Will Redeem† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Been a homeless Indian in Seattle is enough problems but when you are faced with the task of raising nearly one thousand dollars in 24 hours it compounds a person’s problems. Jackson the central character was determined to get back his grandmother’s stolen regalia at the pawn shop but his care free friends always led him astray. In the course of the story, the narrator tell how he spent any money he got on alcohol with his friends. Though he got the regalia at the end of the story but that was due to the sympathy of the pawnbroker who felt he had been through enough trouble. In this essay, we would be identifying and analyzing the various characters in the story. One character that is flat Jackson’s friends in the story can be described as the flat and rigid characters throughout the entire story. Jackson was on the quest to save his grandmother’s regalia at the pawn shop and he indulged in different ventures to get the money the pawnbroker had requested. But rather than be encouraged and motivated by his friends, they instead led him astray. (Porter, 2006) The friends are described as been rigid because all the wanted throughout the course of the story was to have fun at the expense Jackson’s happiness. Perhaps if Jackson’s friends were not included in the story there would have been no humor in the story. He would have simply saved and paid the pawnbro ker. Jackson’s friends as characters added humor to the entire story. There carefree attitude made the story hilarious. (Porter, 2006) One character that is round The pawnbroker can be described as a round character in this story due to his complex attitude. The pawnbroker had initially insisted that Jackson had to come up with the sum of $999 before lunch time. This had prompted Jackson to plot different ways of coming up with the money. (Porter, 2006) However, Jackson spent whatever he was able to raise on food and drinks for his friends.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the end, the same pawnbroker who had insisted that Jackson came up with the money within a stipulated time frame changed his mind. This character enhances this story in a very positive way. If the pawnbroker had not given Jackson a time frame, he would have possibly been relax ed. The entire story is about showing strength in the face of adversaries and the pawnbroker made Jackson realize his potential. (Porter, 2006) One character that is Dynamic Jackson can be defined as the dynamic character in the story due to various reasons. His youthful exuberance and carefree attitude even in tough situations go a long way to show his type of person. At the beginning of the story, Jackson went to the pawn shop with his two friends where he saw the regalia he believed belonged to his grandmother. He wanted the regalia back in the family but the pawnbroker asked him to get $999 within a short time frame. (Porter, 2006) This prompted him to devise ways to get the money rather than work for it. But after going through all that, he ends up spending the money on food and drinks. This change in character makes Jackson a very dynamic character. Jackson’s attitude was meaningful and believable. His character is meaningful because he went extra miles trying to get hi s grandmother’s regalia back. It is also believable for a person to squander money he/she saved for something. Jackson squandered the money due to the influence of his friends. (Porter, 2006) Reference Porter, S. (2006) 30/30: Thirty American stories from the Last Thirty years. Purdue University: Longman

Introducing The Essay Expert’s College Application Essay Series. College Essay Tips for Ivy League Bound Seniors

Introducing The Essay Expert’s College Application Essay Series. College Essay Tips for Ivy League Bound Seniors For each of the next four weeks, I will be writing an article with tips for writing college application essays.   I will cover the popular essay themes of â€Å"my grandmother,† â€Å"my sport,† â€Å"a famous person† and â€Å"a fictional character.† These topics are extremely popular, and if you choose one of them it is paramount that you don’t sound like everyone else!   If you’re applying to Ivy League schools in particular, your essay can make or break your application.   Bore the Yale admissions committee or the Harvard admissions committee and you’re done for. In my upcoming articles, there will be 7 writing tips for each type of essay so that yours is unique and keeps the admission committee’s attention. If you’re not a member of my blog already, sign up now to make sure you get every nugget of wisdom I have to offer! And if there’s another topic you want me to cover, let me know and maybe your pick can be topic #5.

HRM Policies of Microsoft Incorporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HRM Policies of Microsoft Incorporation - Essay Example The present research has identified that the role of HRM is significant in this respect, where it synchronizes employees’ potential with company’s objective. The sales team looks from a perspective of sales generation alone however, the HR team looks through a broader window to cover customer intentions and corporate environment to synchronize the company’s strategy with the market needs. As said earlier that HRM is a very diverse and broad subject, therefore, the fields of supply chain management, promotion and marketing strategies, recruitment and employee satisfaction all fall in the domain of HRM. Therefore it can be said, that no matter what the size and nature of the company is, the unit of HRM cannot be separated from the management as it is integrated with all the functional units of the company. Moreover, factors of globalization and inflation crisis have intensified internal and external competition for a company. The internal competition is between emp loyees battling for higher costs and benefits. This has further augmented the role of HRM in the internal matters of the company, to ensure sound working environment and ethical practices. This illustrates that the bigger the company the more will be the need for proper HRM. Microsoft is the leading name in the IT world that changed the trend in computing through its tremendous technology of Windows Operating System. It has set many landmarks since its date of foundation in 1975, by Bill Gates (Chairman) and Paul Allen. The key aim of the company is to provide computing solutions that are accessible and handy for all. Their technology, following this mission, has been able to earn huge acceptance and has taken Microsoft to heights that no other company had ever touched.

Financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Services - Essay Example The paper tells that economic activities, financial services, and banking have experienced quite a few changes in the last couple of decades. As the industrial activities see an upsurge on the global scale, it requires more funds to sustain the upsurge together with enough money with the consumer, for being able to use those products and services from the industry. The institutions, in turn, are supposed to make their operations and services attractive enough for the industry and the customer. The value that is addition done by both operations management and operations strategy happens to be fundamental to any organization. The articles mentioned in the paper have one thing in common; they underline the need for effective management of financial aspects of a business. Providing services or goods are the basic forms of operational activities. All organizations try to provide a combination of products and services, using available sources with them. Opening a bank account, taking a mea l in a restaurant, visiting a hospital, buying pair shoes, ensuring a vehicle, a hotel stay etc. are all operations activities and their management is central to the successful provisioning of goods and services. Such value addition helps the banks and financial institutions help in making them friendly institutions to the customer base at large. Marketing consists of the strategies and tactics used to identify, create, and maintain satisfying relationships with customers that result in value for both the customer and the marketer. Relationship management, the very basis of running financial services, asks for earning the loyalty of customer. This in turn calls for keeping the workforce motivated enough, while extending valuable services to the customers. The global economy has made it almost mandatory for retail stores, banks, financial institutions etc. that an effective strategy is adopted for managing the workforce and the diversity at the organisation so that everybody is able to enjoy a better working environment and the customer too feels valued. This helps the company in taking on the competitors with fullest potential. The bank (or any company for that matter) can acquire competitive advantage on its rivals on account of marketing efforts, brand building, value creation, innovation, supply chain management, operational efficiencies etc. But more important is to sustain the advantage. The value configuration helps in sustaining the advantage. It describes how value is created in a company for its customers, how the most important business processes function to create value for customers and the way a particular company/ organization conducts its business. In this study

Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Health - Essay Example blishment of health care organizations such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the government has been able to provide effective guidelines to the communities. This paper seeks to identify five areas of public health guidance that are provided by NICE on type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the paper will also discuss the role of other organizations in producing the guidance as well as evaluation of the social, political, economical and environmental aspects facilitating the public health guidance. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence aims at providing national guidance to improve health and social care. Having being formed in 1999 as the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, NICE is a non departmental public body that is under the department of health in UK (Sorenson et al, 2009). The renaming of National Institute for Clinical Excellence to National Institute for Health and Care Excellence came about in 2013 after the passing of the Health and Social Care Act 2012. NICE undertakes it duties by three notable ways. First, it embarks on providing evidence based guidance as well as advice for health to the social care practitioners and public health officials (Blustein, 2006). Secondly, NICE engages in developing quality standards and metrics that are used by those providing social care services and public health. Thirdly, the organization provides a range of information that across the spectrum of health care services. Since it was established in 1999 as National Institute for Clinical Excellence as indicated earlier, NICE has provided wide range of advice of effective as well as good value healthcare. During the month of April 2013, NICE was provided with a new duty that entailed providing guidance for the individuals working in a social care. Apart from encouraging healthy living to United Kingdom residents, NICE guidance emulates the necessary standards for quality health care (Boseley and Sparrow, 2008). Some of

Sport Utility Vehicle and Mercedes Essay Example for Free

Sport Utility Vehicle and Mercedes Essay 1. What is the decision facing Mercedes? Mercedes must determine how to market the BlueHybrid and the so-called mild hybrid the ML450 to the United States market, while competing with Toyota and Honda. Mercedes also needs to be concerned with making sure that they keep their existing customers, while transitioning into the green marketplace. 2. What factors are most important in understanding this decision situation? Consumers are attracted to Mercedes-Benz for the vehicles’ luxury, design, safety, and powerful engines that have excellent handling and acceleration. The performance that Mercedes is known for must not be lost in a hybrid or of a mild hybrid. The marketers need to ensure that all the reasons that consumers are attracted to Mercedes stay the same and maybe even add a bit of â€Å"green† to it. However, customers are not going to want to pay $80,000 to $90,000 for a hybrid SUV that shutters when transitioning from gas to electric. 3. What are the alternatives? Mercedes must determine how it is going to represent its brand. Is it the well known for fast well built cars with little concern for family vehicles and gas mileage or will they blend the two and use their â€Å"brand† to bring new people and existing customers to a green vehicle with the newly developed lithium-ion battery? 4. What are the decisions you recommend? I think that the challenge of Mercedes is that they are so well know for crafting excellent vehicles that when considering branching out into new technology with a new market potential, with expansion of American facilities, there creeps in the decline of the brand. What if the hybrids and mild-hybrid fail? What will it do to the brand? I recommend that Mercedes enter into the SUV marketing with this hybrid technology on a low-scale, marketing to the environmentally green customer and see what the response is, as well as the performance of the vehicles. 5. What are some of the ways to implement your recommendations? Mercedes has to ensure that the market research shows the consumer desire to match in order to introduce a hybrid luxury SUV to the United States market. Marketers must target the most viable customer base that will be thought to purchase the luxury SUVs. Mercedes will need to use its branding in commercials, television shows and the standard billboards around town to get the vehicles into the public’s awareness. Bibliography Michael Levens (2012). Marketing: Defined, Explained, Applied, Second Edition (text and case book).

King Lear :: William Shakespeare Literature Essays

King Lear, Abbey exhibited King Lear, another of his large, dramatic pictures, at the Royal Academy in 1898; the painting was accompanied in the catalog by these lines from Act I, scene i: Ye jewels of our father, with washed eyes Cordelia leaves you. I know what you are; And, like a sister, am most loth to call Your faults as they are named. Love well our father. To your professed bosoms I commit him. But yet, alas! stood I within his grace, I would prefer him to a better place. So farewell to you both. The critics saw much to like in Abbey's King Lear. The reviewer for The Art Journal (1898, p. 176) comments especially on the bold use of color and the grouping of the figures on the canvas: If the admirers of Mr. Abbey felt that the note of the superbly dramatic 'Richard III.' was not repeated with similar force in last year's 'Hamlet and Ophelia,' all doubts should be set at rest by the barbaric majesty of the Scene from 'Lear,' a subject which, under the title of 'Cordelia's Portion,' inspired Madox Brown to the production of one of his finest compositions. The dominant figure in Mr. Abbey's commanding decoration is Cordelia, and it is impossible to resist the colour-charm in which she is invested. Her yellow-green vestment with the deep blue border set against the green robe of France, and opposed to the menacing reds and blacks of Goneril and Regan, is a triumph of originality. As in Richard III. there is a strong suggestion motion, and the drooping figure of Lear sustained by his pages and followed by his men-at-arms from the left to right of the canvas gives this note. The dramatic figure of the sisters in the attitudes of dignified indifference and mock courtesy are splendidly realized, and the foot-light effect discernible throughout the picture certainly adds to the intenseness of the composition. Unmistakably in this important group, Mr. Abbey has reached a very high level and is going far to prove, by this magnificent series of object lessons, that his decorative style is capable of giving the fullest expression of dramatic motives. "H. S.," the reviewer for The Spectator (May 14, 1898, p. 694), also remarks on the "audacity of the colour" and judges the effects "gorgeous and beautiful." "The truth of the gestures," he adds, "are as finely conceived as are the combinations of scarlet and purple black crimson and sea-green.

Is animal research in psychology ethical and necessary? Essay

Animals are living organisms that belong to the Animalia kingdom. These are classified as multicellular, meaning that their biological bodies is composed of many cells that interact to each other to perform biological processes. There are certain characteristics of animals that differ with other living organisms. Cell wall is not present in the cell of an animal unlike on plants. As mentioned earlier, animals are classified as eukaryotic which distinguish them from bacteria and protists. They digest their foods in a digestive system which separate from plants and algae. The body structures of animals of different species are almost the same. If not, they have many in common. The basic unit of life is cell. Cells work depending on their work. There are cells that manage the formation of blood while there are cells that control the formation and development of bones. Cells of the same structure and work will form larger organic system which is called the tissues (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997). The work of tissue will depend on what kind of cell it was formed. After this stage, the lager stage which is composed of groups of tissues is called organs. Example of an organ is the eye. Eye is the sensory organ for sight. Animals use their eyes to see what is around them. The eye is composed of different cells and tissues. These cells and tissues interact together so that the animal can see the surrounding. And the last stage is called the system. System is composed on interrelated organs. Example of an animal biological system is the digestive system. It is composed of stomach, large and small intestines, esophagus and other organs. The digestive system works as the digester of the food that was eaten by an animal. The digestion process occurs at the digestion chamber which is the stomach. This stomach is composed of tissue muscles and muscle cells (Nielsen, 2001). Research Research is a human activity that is based from scientific method that seeks or wants to discover anything. In making a study or experiment, one must research existing knowledge or newly discovered facts that will aid in the conduct of the study or experiment. In doing a research study or experiment, the first thing to do is to determine the problem that wants to be solved. This is also known as the topic of the study. After this is the formation of the hypothesis. Hypothesis is an intelligent guess. You must test the hypothesis to determine the solution on the problem or the topic. The next thing to do is the gathering of the relevant data. These data will be used to support the discussion part of the research activity. Analysis of the gathered data will show how the data will affect the decision on the acceptance of the hypothesis. And the last part of a research method is the conclusion. In this part, the significance of the hypothesis is determined. This will show if the hypothesis will be accepted or rejected (Trochim, 2006). Psychology Psychology is the study of human behavior that uses interdisciplinary principles like science and mental processes. It is a branch of behavioral science. It deals on studying the behavior of human in social dynamics while incorporating physiological and neurological processes into its conceptions of mental functioning. Psychology tries to explain the complex behavior of the human mind that controls all the action and behavior of a person. All the factors are considered in this area of knowledge like the physical, social, political, and spiritual aspects of human. (Miller, 1890) Ethics Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the study of human values and customs. In this area of knowledge, the difference between good and bad, right and wrong are being emphasized. Ethical issues are usually encountered on people with profession. Ethical standards are set from different profession. These ethical standards will guide people in conducting and performing their duty. The ethical standards are usually based on right, good and norms. There are different ethical standards for different fields or professions (Perle, 2004). Alarming issue-The conservatives In the advent of the 19th century, technology had been an efficient tool in making the lives of human simpler and easier. Also, there was an obvious trend in the development of technology. Products of the technology today are smaller, faster, lightweight and more efficient compared to other products that were invented before the advancement of technology. In the agriculture sector, genetically modified corns are now popular. The new invented corn has many advantages compared to the traditional corn that is use in many corn plantations. Genetically modified corn has high resistant to pest infestation. Also, higher production is acquired when genetically modified corn is used by a farmer because corn kernel produced by a single corn is higher than on a normal corn. Thus many framers now are using the hybrid corn to increase their profit. Another product of the advancement of technology is Dolly. Dolly is a sheep that was cloned. In the 1990s, cloning was one of the focuses of many scientists. They modify the genetic makeup of a living organism and then cloning the original organism to produce an identical one. And the first living thing to be cloned was a sheep. On the two examples above, many conservative sectors were alarmed on the capability of technology to modify living organism. They said that it is not ethical to produce other living things because only the Creator must do that. Another ethical issue tat concern living organism is the research on animals’ psychology. In this paper, deep analysis will be done to justify why there is a need for animals in research of psychology. Why animals? Today, animals are being examined and experimented to determine their behavior when an external force is applied to them. This kind of research is popular on the field of psychology and medicine. An example in the medicine field is the determination of the effects of a newly discovered medicine drug. Scientists observe the effect of the drug by applying it to an animal. Another animal research used in medicine or science is Dolly. Scientist tests whether they can clone an animal and also, further studied if Dolly is identical to the original sheep. In psychology, animals are being examined to determine their behavior when something in their environment changed. They examine the behavior of an animal to understand complex behavior of man. In this way, psychologist can gain basic knowledge on the learning processes and motivational systems, such as hunger, thirst, and reproduction. Animal research has provided critical information about the sensory processes of vision, taste, hearing, and pain perception. But for all the living organisms, why is animal used in research in psychology instead of plants or humans? This question will try to be answered as the discussion will flow. Until now, the debate between the animal conservatives and the psychologist is still on going. The former contradicts to the latter in a way that why are animals used in many research just to discover and understand the behavior of man and why not human be the focus on research? The main reason why animals are preferred to be examined than human is the ethical issues concerning on the rights of every all people living in this world that is- the right to chose what kind of life they want. But how about on the side of animals? Do they have no right to have normal life? This is the main argument of the psychologists and animal protectors. According to recent studies, animal research had brought many finding and basic knowledge about the behavior of man (â€Å"Why animal experimentation persists,† 2007). As mentioned earlier, animal research had brought and understand deep behavioral principles that links animals to man. It leads to the development of effective methods for promoting learning and self-reliance in a wide variety of populations. Animal research has contributed also to treatment of difficult clinical problems such as controlling self- injurious behavior in autistic children and adults and teaching children who have been tube-fed since birth to eat normally (Association, 2007b). Other significant contributions of animal research in psychology is the knowledge acquired o the effects of psychoactive drugs and environmental toxicants, and other chemicals that are utilized by man (Association, 2007a). This is why animals are use in many research psychologies instead of man because the experiment may change the behavior of a person and this will not permit by the human rights law. Also, if these psychoactive drugs and environmental toxicants are used on human, death may be a result of the experiment. When research on psychology is being discussed, animal as the material in the experiment is always the talk of the town. But there are also some areas where the use of man is more preferred than on animals in studying the human behavior. One example is the human behavior on love. Though animals also feels affection, human are more reliable when love or affection is the focus of the study. This is one of the examples were human research in psychology is more preferred than on the use of animals in the laboratory. Another main reason why there are such studies that needs to be done with the use of animals as their samples. One main reason is the duty to the field of science. Every experiment using a animal must have a relevant purpose or objective to justify the need for an animal to be part of the experiment. One kind of purpose is the increase in knowledge in a specific field. Many psychologists do research on behavioral science to gain more knowledge that will help them in understanding the complex structure of the human behavior. Though the main focus of many psychologists on their research is the human behavior, they used animals because animals and humans have high resemblance in their characteristics, this maybe physical, emotional and behavioral aspect. As mentioned by Darwin in his theory of Evolution, he emphasized that animals’ continuity in evolution is human. When animals are used in research in psychology, which will bring better understanding on the human behavior, the findings will be used to answer many behavioral problems. This is one of the reasons why there are such studies that are being done, to help in solving psychological problems of human. This is because there are people suffering from serious behavioral syndrome. In this way, the findings in research on animals can help to solve the problem mentioned. This will benefit the welfare or health of human as well the animals (Association, 2007b). Benefits vs. Cost When attempting to conduct a research study using animals, it takes many financial resources just to start as well to finish the research. Take for example in the experiment on a mouse. The mouse cost about $200 million. This is just only the animal that will be used in the experiment, the laboratory is another source of cost. When doing research in animals, the laboratory is very special in a way that the instruments that are utilized are different when compared to a normal laboratory. In a rat experiment, the materials and instruments will cost for about $4,500. 00. Though many psychologists and researchers as well as the government allots large funds for a single experiment, the knowledge that is acquired after the experiment will compensate the cost of the experiment. The knowledge that was gain will be used in many applications like in medicine so that to lessen the dependence on medical health program. Also, theses knowledge will be used to understand further human behavior so that to minimize human behavior syndrome. Ethical Issues There are sectors in a society where they protect the welfare of animals. They want to preserve the biological structure of animal. They believe that animals have also rights to live in normal life. But still there are many research studies on animals on psychology. Because of this issue, many psychologists proposed to have ethical standards when one wants to conduct an experiment on animals. These ethical standards will guide anyone who wants to conduct a research study. Violation on the standards would mean fine or punishment. Another way to protect research animals is the creation of law. The most popular law that protects animals on further abuse is the Animal Welfare Act, most recently amended in 1985. This law will protect research animals on mistreatment. In this act also, the instruments that are utilized will be check regularly and if the instruments still follow the standards set by the said law (Association, 2007b). Many safeguards exist to assure that laboratory animals receive humane and ethical treatment. Care and use of animals in research are regulated and monitored by various government agencies. Institutions in which research with animals is conducted have federally mandated review committees (Association, 2007b). One of the most popular animal researches is the Skinner’s rat. Skinner is a well known psychologist ad was faculty in Harvard University. He studied the behavior of a rate so that to understand better the human behavior (BF, 1953). He emphasized that animal research is simpler to conduct than on human because the behavior of animals are simple to understand than of the human. Another advantage of animal research on human research is that the outside factors that can affect the result of the study can be controlled. He said that is you want to examine the sight of a rat; you must first study its behavior in a dark place and compare its behavior in an illuminated place (Ulrich, 2007). The Impact At the start of animal research to further understand human behavior, it received many controversies. One is the issue the right to live in normal life. The sectors that protect the welfare of animals argue that all living organisms must be treated equally and that all have the right to live. They said that mistreating animals is not a humane way. Another impact of animal research is the high cost in conducting the said research. The conservative group argues that instead of using the large amount of money in a non sense research, why not to government programs that will lessen the problem of a given country like the investment on high technology instruments to be used like computers (Kenneth J. Shapiro, 2007). Another question of the conservative groups is; are there any other way except on the use of animals on research to understand human behavior? Today, plants are now being considered to be one of the options when conducting research study. With the use of fast and sophisticated computers, the knowledge can be gained. Conclusion Animal research on psychology had gained many negative feedbacks because of the ethical issue behind. Many conservative groups want to protect the welfare of animals by not allowing animal research to conduct. Still there are many animal researches in the world. This is because psychologist wants to gain knowledge on human behavior. Is animal research in psychology ethical and necessary? Animal research is essential because the result that will be gained after the research compensate the negative feedbacks. Though there are ethical issues surrounding animal research, psychologists are now trying to follow ethical standards when they are conduction experiment. This is to ensure the welfare and humane treatment of the animals being experimented. References: Association, A. P. (2007a). The Importance of Laboratory Animal Research in Psychology: Psychopharmacology [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, Association, A. P. (2007b). Research With Animals in Psychology [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://www. apa. org/science/animal2.html BF, S. (1953). Beyond Freedom and Dignity: New York. Kenneth J. Shapiro, P. (2007). Animal Models of Human Psychology Critique of Science, Ethics and Policy [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://www. psyeta. org/animalmodels. html Miller, G. A. (1890). The Principles of Psychology: Harvard University Press. Nielsen, K. (2001). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla (2nd edition ed. ): Oxford Univ. Press. Perle, S. (2004). Morality and Ethics: An Introduction. : Butchvarov, Panayot. Schmidt-Nielsen, K.(1997). Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. (5th edition ed. ): Cambridge Univ. Press. Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Structure of Research: Research Methods Knowledge Base. Ulrich, R. E. (2007). Animal Research in Psychology: An Example of Reinforced Behavior [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://www. curedisease. com/Perspectives/vol_3_1991/psych. html Why animal experimentation persists [Electronic. (2007). Version]. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://www. curedisease. com/why_animal_experimentation_persists. pdf.